For individuals with chronic neck or back pain caused by damaged discs, disc replacement surgery may be considered as a treatment option. The procedure involves replacing the affected disc with an artificial one, with the aim of preserving spinal movement and supporting stability. Compared to spinal fusion, disc replacement uses a different surgical approach that does not join vertebrae.
However, like all procedures, it carries potential risks, including infection, implant-related issues, or nerve injury. A consultation with a qualified specialist is important to determine if it aligns with your condition and care goals.
Learn more about Dr Wu’s clinical approach.
What is Disc Replacement Surgery?
Disc replacement surgery is a procedure used to treat chronic neck or back pain caused by a damaged or degenerated spinal disc. The spinal discs serve as cushions between the vertebrae, allowing for smooth movement and shock absorption. When these discs wear out due to injury, age, or degenerative conditions, they can lead to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.
The surgery involves removing the affected disc and replacing it with an artificial one made from metal or a combination of metal and plastic. This helps maintain motion at the treated spinal segment, unlike spinal fusion, which permanently joins two vertebrae.
There are two main types of disc replacement: cervical disc replacement, which addresses issues in the neck region, and lumbar disc replacement, which focuses on the lower back. Both procedures aim to relieve pressure on surrounding nerves, support spinal alignment, and preserve natural movement. Disc replacement may be recommended when non-surgical treatments have not provided sufficient relief and when maintaining spinal motion is a priority.
Who is a good candidate for spinal disc replacement surgery?
Disc replacement surgery can be a viable option for individuals suffering from back or neck pain caused by damaged spinal discs. However, not everyone is suited for this procedure. Here are some general guidelines for determining if you may be a good candidate for cervical or lumbar disc replacement:
- You experience pain, numbness, or tingling from one or two damaged discs in the spine.
- You do not have significant facet joint syndrome, osteoporosis, or active infections.
- You are free from spinal deformities, such as scoliosis, kyphosis, or lordosis.
- You maintain a healthy weight, as obesity can increase the risk of complications after surgery.
- You have not previously undergone major spine surgery.
If you’re unsure whether disc replacement surgery is the right option for you, we recommend scheduling a consultation with one of our specialists. Call us today to find out more about your treatment options.
What Conditions Does a Disc Replacement Treat?
Degenerative Disc Disease
This condition is often the result of the natural wear and tear on the spinal discs over time, leading to pain, stiffness, and limited movement. Degenerative disc disease can occur in both the cervical and lumbar regions, and cervical or lumbar disc replacement surgery may help alleviate symptoms by replacing the damaged disc.
Herniated or Slipped Disc
A herniated or slipped disc happens when the disc’s core pushes out of its outer ring, pressing on nearby nerves. This can lead to pain, numbness, and weakness, especially in the back, neck, or legs. Cervical and lumbar disc replacement surgeries offer relief by replacing the damaged disc and addressing the underlying issue.
Spondylolisthesis
In this condition, one vertebra slips out of place and rests on the one below it, causing muscle spasms, back stiffness, and difficulty standing or walking. Disc replacement surgery can help restore stability by replacing the damaged disc, improving mobility and reducing pain.
Spinal Stenosis
Spinal stenosis occurs when the spaces in the spine narrow, putting pressure on the nerves. This can lead to pain, numbness, or tingling. In certain cases, disc replacement surgery may help by addressing the affected disc, providing relief and enhancing spinal function.
Radiculopathy
Radiculopathy refers to nerve pain caused by compression or irritation in the spine. This condition can result in sharp pain, numbness, or weakness in the arms, legs, or neck. For suitable candidates, cervical or lumbar disc replacement surgery can help alleviate nerve compression and improve quality of life.
How is a disc replacement performed?
Disc replacement surgery involves replacing a damaged spinal disc with an artificial one. The procedure differs slightly depending on whether the surgery is for the cervical or lumbar region of the spine. Both surgeries aim to relieve pain and restore mobility, but the techniques vary based on the location of the damaged disc.
Cervical Disc Replacement
For cervical disc replacement, a small incision is made at the front of the neck. The soft tissues, including the oesophagus, trachea, and blood vessels, are carefully repositioned to access the spine. Once the damaged disc is removed, the surrounding bone is prepared to fit the artificial disc. The new disc is implanted, and its position is confirmed using X-ray to ensure accuracy. This procedure is designed to relieve neck pain and improve movement in the cervical spine.
Lumbar Disc Replacement
In lumbar disc replacement, the surgery is typically performed with the help of a vascular or abdominal surgeon. The procedure begins with an incision in the lower abdomen. The vital organs, blood vessels, and nerves are carefully moved aside to access the spine. The damaged disc is then removed, and the bone above and below is prepared for the artificial disc. The new disc is placed, and its position is confirmed using X-ray. This surgery helps alleviate lower back pain and restores flexibility in the lumbar spine.
What to Expect During Disc Replacement Surgery
If you are preparing for disc replacement surgery, understanding what happens before, during, and after the procedure can help you feel more informed and confident. Here’s an overview of what to expect at each stage.
Pre-Surgery Preparation
Before surgery begins, an intravenous (IV) line will be placed in your arm or hand. General anaesthesia will be administered through the IV to ensure you remain fully unconscious and comfortable throughout the procedure.
Duration of Surgery
Disc replacement surgery typically lasts between 1 to 3 hours, depending on the complexity and whether it involves the neck (cervical) or lower back (lumbar) region. The surgical team will monitor your condition closely throughout the procedure.
The Surgical Procedure
For lumbar disc replacement, a small incision is made in the abdomen to access the spine. Organs and blood vessels are gently moved aside to allow removal of the damaged disc, followed by placement of the artificial disc.
In cervical disc replacement, a similar technique is used, but the incision is made at the front of the neck to reach the cervical spine. In both cases, the aim is to relieve nerve compression and maintain spinal motion.
Immediate Post-Surgery Recovery
After surgery, you will be moved to a recovery area for monitoring as the effects of anaesthesia wear off. An IV line will remain in place, and in some cases, a urinary catheter may be used temporarily. Once stable, you will be transferred to your hospital room to continue recovery.
Post-Surgery Care and Support
Your care team will provide guidance on pain management, mobility, and activity levels during your stay. Recovery plans are tailored to each patient, and you will receive instructions on wound care, movement restrictions, and follow-up appointments. Ongoing support will be provided to help you adjust and recover safely after disc replacement surgery.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can you heal a disc without surgery?
In many cases, conditions such as degenerative disc disease or herniated discs may be managed without surgery. Non-surgical approaches like physical therapy, medication, and activity modification can help reduce symptoms and improve function over time. However, if these treatments do not provide sufficient relief, procedures such as disc replacement surgery may be considered to address ongoing pain or mobility issues. The decision depends on the severity of the condition and how it affects daily life.
How long can a disc replacement last?
The longevity of an artificial disc—whether used in cervical or lumbar disc replacement—can vary based on factors such as the type of implant, the individual’s activity level, and the overall condition of the spine. Most artificial discs are designed to function for 5 to 15 years or longer. While some patients may experience lasting symptom relief, it is important to note that outcomes can differ.
What are the potential alternatives to lumbar disc replacement?
Alternatives to lumbar disc replacement include spinal fusion, a procedure that permanently joins two or more vertebrae to stabilise the spine. Non-surgical options may also be considered, such as physical therapy, medication, and epidural injections, depending on the severity of the condition. The most suitable approach varies for each individual, and a professional doctor can help assess your condition and recommend a suitable treatment plan.
Is disc replacement surgery painful?
Disc replacement surgery is performed under general anaesthesia, so patients do not feel pain during the procedure. Some discomfort may occur during recovery, but this is typically managed with prescribed medication and guidance.
How long will it take to recover after disc replacement surgery?
Recovery time varies by individual and the type of procedure. Most people resume light activities within a few weeks after disc replacement surgery. Full recovery may take a few months, depending on overall health and post-operative care.
What risks or complications can occur with disc replacement?
As with any surgery, disc replacement carries potential risks. These may include infection, nerve irritation, implant dislocation, or the need for future procedures. Risks are similar for both cervical disc replacement and lumbar disc replacement, and should be discussed with a spine specialist.
Can endoscopic spine surgery be an alternative to disc replacement surgery?
Endoscopic spine surgery may be considered an alternative to disc replacement surgery, depending on the severity of the condition and the patient’s unique needs. This minimally invasive procedure offers a less invasive approach to treating spinal issues, potentially reducing recovery time and the risk of complications. However, it may not be suitable for all cases, and a consultation with a spine specialist in Singapore is recommended to determine the best treatment option.